Monday, May 23, 2011
Sunday, May 22, 2011
Works Cited
Pictures:
"Segregated School West Memphis Arkansas." Remembering Brown: Silence, Loss, Rage, and Hope. Web. 20 May 2011. http://www.blackpast.org/?q=perspectives/remembering-brown-silence-loss-rage-and-hope.
"Linda Brown with her parents." How the Civil Rights Movement Worked. Web. 19 May 2011. http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/civil-rights-movement2.htm.
"African American Students." Top 10 Supreme Court Cases. Web. 19 May 2011. http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2008/10/22/09aei.h28.html.
" Stock Image." LINDA BROWN, YOU ARE NOT ALONE: The Brown V. Board of Education Decision. Web. 18 May 2011. http://www.abebooks.com/LINDA-BROWN-ALONE-Board-Education-Decision/967581345/bd.
"Brief for Appellants in Brown vs Board of Education." With an Even Hsnd, Brown vs Board at Fifty. Web. 18 May 2011. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-brown.html.
"Civil Rights Movement for Brown v. Board of Education." Why Drop Out. Web. 19 May 2011. http://whybeahighschooldropout.blogspot.com/2011/05/brown-v-board-of-education.html.
"Newspaper." Segregation in Classroom. Web. 18 May 2011. http://umfmarcy.wikispaces.com/Brown+vs+Board.
"Remembering the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision that desegregated U.S. public schools." Brown vs. Board of Education: 50 years later. Web. 20 May 2011. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/education/bal-brownvboard-gallery,0,7343981.storygallery.
"Images of Central Nine and Protesters." Little Rock 9 . Web. 20 May 2011. <://www.cnn.com/US/9709/24/little.rock>.
"Ernest Green standing outside Central High School stadium on graduation night; May 29, 1958." Web. 22 May 2011. http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/media-detail.aspx?mediaID=7064.
"Remembering the Little Rock Nine." Alexander Russo's This Week in Education. Web. 22 May 2011. <http://scholasticadministrator.typepad.com/thisweekineducation/2010/02/photo-remembering-the-little-rock-nine.html>.
Video:
"Brown V. Board of Education." You Tube. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2XHob_nVbw>.
Web Pages:
Cozzens, Lisa. (1995). Brown v Board of Education. Retrieved February 4, 2008, from http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/brown.html
NationalCenter for Public Policy Research. (2008). Supreme Court of the United States
"The Little Rock Nine." The Encyclopedia of Arkansaw History and Culture. N.p., 9/9/2010. Web. 21 May 2011. <http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=723>.
"Segregated School West Memphis Arkansas." Remembering Brown: Silence, Loss, Rage, and Hope. Web. 20 May 2011. http://www.blackpast.org/?q=perspectives/remembering-brown-silence-loss-rage-and-hope.
"Linda Brown with her parents." How the Civil Rights Movement Worked. Web. 19 May 2011. http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/civil-rights-movement2.htm.
"African American Students." Top 10 Supreme Court Cases. Web. 19 May 2011. http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2008/10/22/09aei.h28.html.
" Stock Image." LINDA BROWN, YOU ARE NOT ALONE: The Brown V. Board of Education Decision. Web. 18 May 2011. http://www.abebooks.com/LINDA-BROWN-ALONE-Board-Education-Decision/967581345/bd.
"Brief for Appellants in Brown vs Board of Education." With an Even Hsnd, Brown vs Board at Fifty. Web. 18 May 2011. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-brown.html.
"Civil Rights Movement for Brown v. Board of Education." Why Drop Out. Web. 19 May 2011. http://whybeahighschooldropout.blogspot.com/2011/05/brown-v-board-of-education.html.
"Newspaper." Segregation in Classroom. Web. 18 May 2011. http://umfmarcy.wikispaces.com/Brown+vs+Board.
"Remembering the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision that desegregated U.S. public schools." Brown vs. Board of Education: 50 years later. Web. 20 May 2011. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/education/bal-brownvboard-gallery,0,7343981.storygallery.
"Images of Central Nine and Protesters." Little Rock 9 . Web. 20 May 2011. <://www.cnn.com/US/9709/24/little.rock>.
"Ernest Green standing outside Central High School stadium on graduation night; May 29, 1958." Web. 22 May 2011. http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/media-detail.aspx?mediaID=7064.
"Remembering the Little Rock Nine." Alexander Russo's This Week in Education. Web. 22 May 2011. <http://scholasticadministrator.typepad.com/thisweekineducation/2010/02/photo-remembering-the-little-rock-nine.html>.
Video:
"Brown V. Board of Education." You Tube. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2XHob_nVbw>.
Web Pages:
Cozzens, Lisa. (1995). Brown v Board of Education. Retrieved February 4, 2008, from http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/brown.html
National
"The Little Rock Nine." The Encyclopedia of Arkansaw History and Culture. N.p., 9/9/2010. Web. 21 May 2011. <http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=723>.
The End Does Justify the Means....... Sometimes
The Little Rock Nine suffered much humiliation and harassment while attending Little Rock High School. Although they gained entrance, white students continued to try to get them to leave. Events were so bad that each student had to have a guard from the army assinged to them. Although this helped, the guard was not able to be with them at all times. "The other eight students remained at Central until the end of the school year. On May 27, 1958, Ernest Green became Central’s first black graduate. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. attended his graduation ceremony. Green later told reporters, “It’s been an interesting year. I’ve had a course in human relations first hand.” ("Encyclopedia of Arkansaw History and Culture")
("Ernest Green standing outside Central High School stadium on graduation night; May 29, 1958")
In this case, all of the suffering, harrassment, physical and emotional abuse was worth it. The END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS!
The Little Rock Nine made their way in the world. They became teachers, journalists, accounts for the department of defense, and managing partners for Lehman Brothers. On September 26, 1997 each of them walked through the doors of Little Rock High School to celebrate the 40th anniversary of a historical event. They were greeted by the Govenor of Arkansas, and the President of the United States.
("Remembering the Little Rock Nine")
("Ernest Green standing outside Central High School stadium on graduation night; May 29, 1958")
The Little Rock Nine made their way in the world. They became teachers, journalists, accounts for the department of defense, and managing partners for Lehman Brothers. On September 26, 1997 each of them walked through the doors of Little Rock High School to celebrate the 40th anniversary of a historical event. They were greeted by the Govenor of Arkansas, and the President of the United States.
("Remembering the Little Rock Nine")
The Little Rock Nine......
("Images of Central Nine and Protesters")
Monday, September 23, 1957, nine black students attempted to attend Little Rock High School. These students were met by angry mobs of white students who did not want black students in there school. Govenor Orval Faubus initailly prevented the nine students from attending the school. Intervention from President Dwight D. Eisenhower was required when he had to send in the US Army 101st Airborn division ion to escourt the students into school.
Monday, September 23, 1957, nine black students attempted to attend Little Rock High School. These students were met by angry mobs of white students who did not want black students in there school. Govenor Orval Faubus initailly prevented the nine students from attending the school. Intervention from President Dwight D. Eisenhower was required when he had to send in the US Army 101st Airborn division ion to escourt the students into school.
This day is one of the most significant events in the African American Civil Rights Movement.
The Public Responds........
The decision of the Supreme Court threw the Black American community into a frenzy. People were cheering in the streets, celebrating a new found liberty. The story continued. Although in the case of Brown v. The Board of Education ruled for school desegregation, not all states and communities followed the ruling. The ruling turned into more confrontation and conflict over the next few years
("Brown V. Board of Education")
("Brown V. Board of Education")
Basis for The Decision.......
Chief Justice Warren and the justices of the Supreme Court cited several points when making the decision in favor of Brown and against the Board of Education.
"a) The history of the Fourteenth Amendment is inconclusive as to its intended effect on public education.
(b) The question presented in these cases must be determined not on the basis of conditions existing when the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted, but in the light of the full development of public education and its present place in American life throughout the Nation.
(c) Where a State has undertaken to provide an opportunity for an education in its public schools, such an opportunity is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms.
(d) Segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race deprives children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal.
(e) The "separate but equal" doctrine adopted in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 , has no place in the field of public education.
(f) The cases are restored to the docket for further argument on specified questions relating to the forms of the decrees." ( Nation Center for Public Policy Research)
The Case Is Heard Again...... And a Decision is made......
The case was reargued on December 8, 1953, one year after the Supreme Court heard it the first time. At this time the Supreme Court Justice Warren was determined to bring it to a conclusion. Many years and events had gone by to bring the case to the point it was ready to be decisioned by the Supreme Court.
On May 17, 1954 after three long years Supreme Court Justice Warren issued a decision, which received a vote of 9 in favor of Brown. Based on several points he sided against the Board of Education, basically saying that separate but equal had no place in public education, and that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal ( Nation Center for Public Policy Research)
("Newspaper")
On May 17, 1954 after three long years Supreme Court Justice Warren issued a decision, which received a vote of 9 in favor of Brown. Based on several points he sided against the Board of Education, basically saying that separate but equal had no place in public education, and that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal ( Nation Center for Public Policy Research)
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